Nozzle Characteristics in High-Vacuum Flows—Rarefied Gas Dynamics

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Abstract
The growing importance of processes carried out under high-vacuum conditions increases the interest in the performance characteristics of flow-measuring devices for gases under low-Reynolds-number conditions. Published information on flow coefficients for liquids in throttling devices such as orifices, nozzles, and Venturi meters indicates that these coefficients change rapidly in the lower Reynolds-number regions. Similarly, coefficients in this region for compressible fluids, such as gases at subsonic velocities and normal pressures, are available in a limited number. A review of the literature fails to uncover any data on viscous compressible flow in nozzles. This paper presents a limited number of results of experiments on small ASME shaped nozzles at very low Reynolds numbers, achieved by operating at extremely low pressures over a wide range of pressure ratios.

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