Observations on the Human Blood Groups

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Abstract
Summary: In human sera there exist commonly agglutinins—“cold”-agglutinins—differing from the well-known iso-agglutinins in that their effect is generally much more diminished by increased temperature. These “cold”-agglutinins, apparently related to and in part identical with auto-agglutinins, display a certain specificity (Bialosuknia and Hirszfeld) and under suitable conditions their effects appear as atypical (minor) iso-agglutinin reactions. The sensitiveness to changes in temperature warrants a differentiation of these substances from the common iso-agglutinins, although agglutinins exist which seem to be intermediate. Very probably there exist other individual differences of human bloods than those disclosed by the ordinary iso-agglutination tests. Strong anomalous iso-agglutinin reactions occur rarely. Neither these nor the minor reactions mentioned previously or the differences disclosed by the use of animal sera have been studied sufficiently to be arranged in a practicable classification. The division of human bloods into four groups is still adequate for ordinary purposes. The iso-agglutinins acting on corpuscles of group II can be separated into two qualitatively different fractions which may be designated as α and α1. Among the corpuscles of group II (and IV) there are two varieties disinguishable by the different susceptibility to the agglutinin α1. Some sera of group IV contain agglutinins of the type α1 effective on certain corpuscles of group II.

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