Behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic amphetamine treatment in the vervet monkey

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Abstract
Five vervet monkeys were administered increasing doses (4–12 mg/kg/day) of d-amphetamine over a period of 35 days. Three phases of behavioural change were discerned: phase 1 during which animals exhibited repetitive stereotyped action sequences with rapid head movements, occasional abnormal grooming, picking at the cage, hand-staring and snatching; phase 2 in which behaviour became progressively more restricted and animals became markedly unresponsive to auditory, visual and tactile stimuli; phase 3 was characterised by the abrupt development of gross over-responsiveness to environmental stimuli, ataxia and tremor. At post-mortem, by comparison with controls, amphetamine-treated monkeys showed marked depletions of the monoamines dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) in corpus striatum and cerebral cortex and reductions in the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase in striatum. Turnover of these monoamines, assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography determinations of their respective metabolites, was also reduced. These findings are interpreted as evidence of monoamine neurone destruction, most severely in the case of DA neurones. Though there was a non-significant reduction in 3H-spiperone binding (reaching almost 50% in nucleus accumbens), numbers of receptors for the monoamines NA and 5-HT were not significantly changed, and the activities of the enzymes choline acetyl-transferase and glutamine decarboxylase were similar in experimental and control animals. The contrast of these findings with those seen in post-mortem brains in schizophrenia is discussed.