Concentration-dependent effects of foscarnet on the cell cycle

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Abstract
The mechanism of toxicity of foscarnet was studied by monitoring its effects on the cell cycle of exponentially growing, semisynchronous human embryo cells in culture. The effects of foscarnet on the cell cycle were dependent on the concentration of drug used. At 1 mM, cell division was reduced by 50%, whereas the cell flow was mainly reduced in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, leading to an increase in the proportion of G2+M cells. The minor reduction of thymidine incorporation in S phase cells provided additional evidence that 1 mM foscarnet did not specifically inhibit DNA synthesis. Cell division was greatly reduced at 2.5 mM foscarnet, and the G2 phase was markedly affected, whereas S cell flow was less reduced. S cell flow was 10% per h and thymidine incorporation was 25% that of control cells, while a block in the G2+M phase was evident. On the other hand, at a concentration of 5 mM foscarnet, the cell flow was greatly reduced in the G1 and S phases, with less reduction of G2 cell flow and cells accumulated in the S phase. The effects of foscarnet on the cell cycle were more pronounced with increasing times up to 72 h, which could not be explained by the slow penetration of foscarnet which required only 4 to 8 h to achieve constant levels. At 2.5 and 5 mM foscarnet, there was the additional effect of the cell membranes becoming more leaky as a result of foscarnet toxicity which might contribute to the toxic effects of the drug at high concentrations. When foscarnet was removed from the medium, the effects on the cell cycle were rapidly reversed, in the time needed for foscarnet to diffuse out from the cells, which indicates the reversible nature of the toxic effects of foscarnet.