Matrix Metalloproteinases, Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Angiogenic Cytokines in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Thyroid Cancer

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Abstract
Stimulation of growth of endothelial cells from preexisting blood vessels, i.e., angiogenesis, is one of the essential elements necessary to create a permissive environment in which a tumor can grow. During angiogenesis, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of tissue enzymes contributes to normal (embriogenesis or wound repair) and pathologic tissue remodeling (chronic inflammation and tumor genesis). The proposed pathogenic roles of MMPs in cancer are tissue breakdown and remodeling during invasive tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) form a complex with MMPs, which in turn inhibits active MMPs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are unique among mediators of angiogenesis with synergistic effect, and both can also be secreted by thyroid cancer cells. The goal of the study was to evaluate the plasma blood concentration of VEGF, bFGF, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in patients with cancer and in normal subjects. Twenty-two patients with thyroid cancers (papillary cancer, 11; partly papillary and partly follicular cancer, 3; anaplastic cancer, 5; medullary cancer, 3) and 16 healthy subjects (controls) were included in the study. VEGF, bFGF MMPs, and TIMPs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In patients with thyroid cancer, normal VEGF concentrations (74.29 ± 13.38 vs. 84.85 ± 21.71 pg/mL; p > 0.05) and increased bFGF (29.52 ± 4.99 vs. 6.05 ± 1.43 pg/mL; p < 0.001), MMP-2 (605.95 ± 81.83 vs. 148.75 ± 43.53 ng/mL; p < 0.001), TIMP-2 (114.19 ± 6.62 vs. 60.75 ± 9.18 ng/mL; p < 0.001), as well as lower MMP-1 (0.70 ± 0.42 vs. 3.87 ± 0.53; p < 0.001) levels have been noted. Increased plasma levels of MMP-3 and MMP-9 were also found in patients with medullary carcinoma. In conclusion, predominance of MMP-2 over TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 over MMP-1 as well as increased concentration of bFGF in peripheral blood are common features in patients with thyroid cancer.

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