A comparison of high frequency switching in the yeast Candida albicans and the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum

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Abstract
Recently, high frequency switching systems have been identified in the infectious yeast Candida albicans and the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In C. albicans, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies as high as 10−2 between seven general colony morphologies in the case of strain 3153A or between two major phenotypes in the white‐opaque transition in strain WO‐1. In the latter system, dramatic changes occur in cellular phenotype as well. In D. discoideum, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies of roughly 10−2 between a number of colony phenotypes which include alterations in developmental timing, blocks at particular morphogenetic stages, morphological aberrations, and aggregation‐minus. In the C. albicans and D. discoideum switching systems, the following characteristics are shared: (l) a limited number of switch phenotypes; (2) heritability; (3) high frequency reversibility; (4) low and high frequency modes of switching; and (5) ultraviolet (UV) stimulation of switching of cells in a low frequency mode of switching.