Dynamic Lymphoscintigraphy to Identify the Sentinel and Satellite Nodes

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Abstract
Lymphoscintigraphy is increasingly used to identify the first draining node (sentinel node) in patients with malignant melanoma or breast cancer. If the sentinel node is tumor free then the remainder of the nodes in that specific nodal bed are likely to be free of metastases. Localization and biopsy of the sentinel node with an intraoperative surgical probe may obviate more radical lymph node dissection. Lymphoscintigraphy is conventionally performed by injecting the radioactive tracer in the four quadrants around the primary tumor and imaging the appropriate nodal beds approximately 30 minutes later. The visualized node nearest the tumor usually is assumed to represent the sentinel node. To test this assumption, a dynamic acquisition was obtained in 16 patients with malignant melanoma to determine if the node nearest the tumor was actually the first draining node. In one of 16 patients, the radioactive tracer injected around a thigh melanoma drained first to an inguinal node and then drained inferiorly to a second inguinal node located closer to the tumor. The distinction between the sentinel and satellite (secondary draining nodes) may have important clinical implications regarding the number of nodes that require surgical excision. In summary, static images do not define the pattern of lymph flow and the node nearest the tumor is not necessarily the sentinel node. Failure to obtain dynamic images may lead to misdiagnosis of the sentinel node in a small percentage of patients.