Hemodynamic Simulation Study of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. Part 2. Effects of Impaired Autoregulation and Induced Hypotension

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Abstract
The hemodynamic changes occurring during obliteration procedures for arteriovenous malformations (AVM) have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we undertook a simulation study using a compartmental flow model to investigate the role of altered autoregulatory conditions in the development of hyperperfusion during obliteration of large high-flow AVM. Induced hypotension was also simulated to evaluate its usefulness in reducing the incidence and severity of the event. As the AVM flow was decreased during the obliteration procedures, feeder pressure increased and drainer pressure decreased, with a concomitant increase in the perfusion pressure in the brain tissue surrounding the AVM. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) remained constant at 50 ml 100 g−1 min−1 in the presence of autoregulation and increased to 67 ml 100 g−1 min−1 in its absence. When the lower limit of the autoregulatory pressure range (LAR) was shifted from 60 to 50 or 40 mm Hg, the flow volume increased markedly from 67 to 77 ml 100 g−1 min−1 or to 92 ml 100 g−1 min−1 after complete obliteration. Decrease in LAR would be a cause of the hyperperfusion. Induced systemic hypotension was found to be effective in reducing the magnitude of these hemodynamic changes, when induction was appropriately performed in a stepwise fashion. A simulation study is useful in clarifying the various hemodynamic changes that develop during the treatment of AVM.