Arterial endothelial barrier dysfunction: actions of homocysteine and the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase free radical generating system

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Abstract
1 Endothelial barrier function was assessed by use of an in vitro model in which transfer of trypan blue-labelled albumin was measured across monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells grown on polycarbonate membranes. 2 Addition of either hypoxanthine (0.2 mm) or xanthine oxidase (20 mu ml−1) alone during a 90 min incubation did not affect albumin transfer across endothelial cell monolayers, but a combination of both increased transfer. 3 The increase in albumin transfer induced by hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase was abolished by catalase (3 u ml−1), reduced by allopurinol (4 mm), but unaffected by superoxide dismutase (6000 u ml−1), the hydroxyl radical scavengers, mannitol (15 mm), dimethylthiourea (10 mm) and N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (1 mm), the iron chelator, deferoxamine (0.5 mm), ferric chloride (50 μm), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, NG-nitro-l-arginine (30 μm), or the antioxidant, dithiothreitol (3 mm). 4 Hydrogen peroxide (0.1–30 mm) itself increased albumin transfer across endothelial cell monolayers, exhibiting a biphasic concentration-response curve. The increase induced by 0.1 mm hydrogen peroxide was abolished in the presence of 0.3 u ml−1 catalase whilst that induced by 10 mm hydrogen peroxide was abolished by 3000 u ml−1 catalase. 5 Homocysteine (0.5–1.5 mm) did not affect albumin transfer across endothelial monolayers when added alone, but when added in combination with copper sulphate (50 μm), which catalyses its oxidation, a significant increase in albumin transfer was observed. 6 The increase in albumin transfer induced by the combination of homocysteine (1.5 mm) and copper sulphate was abolished by catalase (1 u ml−1), but was unaffected by superoxide dismutase (6000 u ml−1), mannitol (15 mm), dimethylthiourea (1 mm) or deferoxamine (0.5 mm). 7 The data suggest that the endothelial barrier dysfunction induced by the combination of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase is mediated solely by the action of hydrogen peroxide and not by superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite anion or hypochlorous acid. The copper-catalysed oxidation of homocysteine also induces endothelial barrier dysfunction through the generation of hydrogen peroxide. These findings may have relevance to the endothelial barrier dysfunction associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury and the atherogenic actions of homocysteine.