Condensed Water in the Free Atmosphere in Air Colder than ?40C

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Abstract
Observations of atmospheric clouds formed by hot springs and geysers were made at Yellowstone Park in the wintertime with free atmospheric temperatures warmer and colder than −40C. Despite careful observations, no evidence could be found of the formation of supercooled clouds at temperatures colder than −40C. Replicas made of the particles existing under varying atmospheric conditions showed that clouds formed with the air colder than −40C consisted mostly of frozen, irregularly shaped particles. Liquid droplets were commonly found at temperatures warmer than −40C. Optical phenomena were virtually absent in the ice particle logs that formed below −40C. Very complex and spectacular halos, pillars, arcs and circles occurred alter the supercooled clouds formed at temperatures warmer than −40C were seeded with dry ice or silver iodide.

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