The anatomy of a Lower Palaeozoic accretionary forearc: the Southern Uplands of Scotland

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Abstract
Summary: The Southern Uplands of Scotland consists of an accretionary prism which had a prolonged (over 45 Ma) development off the SE coast of ancient North America (Laurentia) during the late Ordovician and Silurian. To the north, a forearc basin occupied the Midland Valley. An arc massif of older metamorphic rocks in the Grampian Highlands, and capping calc-alkaline volcanics, supplied much of the sediment to the trench. In its early development (late Ordovician) the accretionary complex incorporated slivers of ocean-floor material as well as thick turbidites into a steep lower trench slope. Later, in the Silurian, a trench slope break emerged shedding sediment north into the Midland Valley forearc basin. By that time only turbidites and black shales were being accreted. The Southern Uplands is dominated by coherent strata, and, despite intense imbrication, is devoid of mélange. We conclude that the accretionary prism was the result of high sediment input to the trench and very slow, oblique, subduction of the Iapetus Ocean eastwards below Scotland. Décollement surfaces developed during accretion preferentially utilised a highly incompetent black shale layer near the base of the subducting sequence. Prior to the inception of accretion (in the Caradoc), we postulate sediment subduction, and possibly subduction erosion, during the Cambrian and early Ordovician.