Analysis of epigenetic alterations to chromatin during development

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Abstract
Each cell within a multicellular organism has distinguishable characteristics established by its unique patterns of gene expression. This individual identity is determined by the expression of genes in a time and place‐dependent manner, and it is becoming increasingly clear that chromatin plays a fundamental role in the control of gene transcription in multicellular organisms. Therefore, understanding the regulation of chromatin and how the distinct identity of a cell is passed to daughter cells during development is paramount. Techniques with which to study chromatin have advanced rapidly over the past decade. Development of high throughput techniques and their proper applications has provided us essential tools to understand the regulation of epigenetic phenomena and its effect on gene expression. Understanding the changes that occur in chromatin during the course of development will not only contribute to our knowledge of normal gene expression, but will also add to our knowledge of how gene expression goes awry during disease. This review opens with an introduction to some of the key premises of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A discussion of experimental techniques with which one can study epigenetic alterations to chromatin during development follows, emphasizing recent breakthroughs in this area. We then present examples of epigenetic mechanisms exploited in the control of developmental cell fate and regulation of tissue‐specific gene expression. Finally, we discuss some of the frontiers and challenges in this area of research. genesis 47:559–572, 2009.