FoxH1(Fast) functions to specify the anterior primitive streak in the mouse

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Abstract
The node and the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) are important organizing centers that pattern the mouse embryo by establishing the anterior–posterior (A–P), dorsal–ventral (D–V), and left–right (L–R) axes. Activin/nodal signaling through the Smad2 pathway has been implicated in AVE formation and in morphogenesis of the primitive streak, the anterior end of which gives rise to the node. The forkhead DNA-binding protein, FoxH1 (or Fast), functions as a Smad DNA-binding partner to regulate transcription in response to activin signaling. Here, we show that deletion of FoxH1 in mice results in failure to pattern the anterior primitive streak (APS) and form node, prechordal mesoderm, notochord, and definitive endoderm. In contrast, formation of the AVE can occur in the absence of FoxH1. TheFoxH1 mutant phenotype is remarkably similar to that of mice deficient in the forkhead protein Foxa2 (HNF3β), and we show that Foxa2 expression is dependent on FoxH1function. These results show that FoxH1 functions in an activin/nodal–Smad signaling pathway that acts upstream ofFoxa2 and is required specifically for patterning the APS and node in the mouse.