Damage in steel plates from hypervelocity impact. II. Numerical results and spall measurement

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Abstract
Comparisons of calculated solutions with experimental results for the impact of a 9.53-mm-diam nylon sphere on a 12.7-mm-thick steel plate at 5.182 km/sec are presented. Numerical solutions are difficult to obtain with existing Eulerian codes because of the need for accurate treatment of material strength and the definition of both the material interface and the free surfaces. The large distortion of the nylon sphere and the steel near the impact crater lip also make this a difficult problem for Lagrangian codes unless frequent rezoning is used. Newly developed Eulerian and Lagrangian rezoning codes are used. They give essentially the same solution. The computational results show that in order to obtain agreement with the experiment, it is necessary to account for the α (bcc) ?ε (hcp) polymorphic phase change for iron. Calculations also indicate the need to obtain experimentally the correct spall strength for the steel and and a description of this measurement is included. Treatment of elastic-plastic response, a good numerical model for fracture, and a high degree of numerical resolution are also shown to be necessary in order to predict accurately the back-surface spallation observed in the experiment.

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