Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Patients with Bladder Carcinoma and Associated Vesicoureteral Reflux

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Abstract
Of 269 patients with bladder neoplasms treated during a 20-year period 47 had associated vesicoureteral reflux. All 47 patients were followed for 3 years or more, or until death. Upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer developed in 3, each of whom had recurrent bladder cancer. Among the 222 patients who had vesical cancer without reflux transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter developed in only 1, 11 years after transurethral resection for a bladder tumor. The incidences of upper tract transitional cell cancer in patients with and without vesicoureteral reflux were 6.4 and 0.44 per cent, respectively, which support the suggested role of reflux in disseminating or seeding of cancer cells from the bladder into the upper urinary tract. Patients with bladder cancer and associated vesicoureteral reflux have an approximately 15-fold greater risk of upper tract cancer developing compared with those without reflux. We recommend vigilant scrutiny of patients with recurrent bladder cancer and associated vesicoureteral reflux for early detection of upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.