Chemical characterization and biologic properties of lipopolysaccharide from Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277

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Abstract
The chemistry and selected biological activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides gingivalis strains W50, W83, and ATCC 33277 were compared, as well as the role of this molecule as a mediator of selected inflammatory responses. Chemically, the LPSs consisted of 47–58% Lipid A, 5–10% carbohydrate, 0.05% 3‐deoxy 2‐octulosonic acid, 0.3% heptose, 3.8–5.2% hexosamine, and 2% phosphate. Rhamnose represented the dominant sugar (26–36%), with lesser amounts of glucose (18–34%), galactose (18–25%), mannose (9–12%), glucosamine (7–11%), and galaclosamine (2–5%). The major fatty acids were: 13‐methyl‐tetradecanoate (42–45%), 3‐OH‐heptadecanoate (21–23%), hexadecanoate (16–19%), and 12‐methyl‐tetradecanoate (6–8%). SDS‐PAGE and sodium deoxy‐cholate‐PAGE revealed the LPS to be a smooth chemotype. Differences in migration patterns between the virulent and avirulent strain LPSs also occurred. C3H/HeN macrophages (Mo) exposed to 1 μg/ml of LPS released 3.2–4.2 ng of prostaglandin E (PGE)/ml of supernatant, representing 236–278% of control. Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) activity in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ M0 exposed to 50 /*g of LPS/ml was 382–724% and 270–300% of control, respectively; similar Mo exposed to 10 μg of LPS/ml released 1.6–2.0 ng and 0.3–0.5 ng of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/ml of supernatant, respectively. Maximum TNF release in C3H/HeN M0 occurred in response to 50 μg of LPS/ml, and was sustained for up to 96 hours. These results suggest that LPS from the B. gingivalis strains stimulate cytokine production from M0 which, in turn, may play a role in orchestrating the inflammatory response for the development of periodontal diseases.