Coastal-change and glaciological maps of Antarctica

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Abstract
In spite of their importance to global climate and sea level, the mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet and the dynamics of the coast of Antarctica are largely unknown. In 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Scott Polar Research Institute. U.K., began a long-term coastal mapping project in Antarctica that is based on analysis of Landsat images and ancillary sources. The project has live objectives: (1) to determine coastline changes that have occurred between the mid-1970s and the late 1980s/early 1990s; (2) to establish an accurate base-line series of 24 1: 1 000 000 scale maps that define the glaciological characteristics of the coastline: (3) to determine velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves: (4) to compile a comprehensive inventory of outlet glaciers and ice streams: and (5) to compile a 1: 5 000 000 scale map of Antarctica derived from the 24 maps. Analysis of images used in producing the first five of the 24 maps has shown that ice fronts, iceberg tongues and glacier tongues are the most dynamic and changeable features in the coastal regions of Antarctica. Seaward of the grounding line of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves, the floating margin is subject to frequent, large calving events and rapid flow. Although calving does occur along ice walls, the magnitude of their change on an annual to decadal basis is generally not discernible on Landsat images; therefore, ice walls can be used as relatively stable reference features for measuring other changes along the coast. Velocities of outlet glaciers, ice streams and ice shelves range from 0.1 to several kilometers per year.