A Differential Method for Measuring Impedance Properties of Bone

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Abstract
This paper describes a differential method for accurate determination of the specific resistance and capacitance properties of bone, avoiding errors due to cable and wiring capacitance. A gain-phase meter (Hewlett Packard model: 3575A) was used in a reference reading to estimate the wiring and cable capacitance. A second measurement was made with a bone specimen. From the difference of the two readings (magnitude and phase of an output to input voltage), it was possible to calculate the resistive and reactive components of bone impedance. The measurements were repeated at several frequencies from DC to MHz. The specific resistance (R) was 7.56 kilo-ohm-cm and the specific capacitance (C) was 0.166 nanofarad/cm for fresh bovine longitudinal compact bone specimens. These impedance properties were direction dependent, showing the anisotropic nature of bone.

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