Voters' Intermediation Environments in the 1988 Presidential Contest

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Abstract
Answering machines have become one of the major challenges to obtaining high response rates in telephone surveys. This article presents some data that may be helpful in answering two questions that frequently arise: (1) What are the chances that additional calls to a household known to use an answering machine will result in a completed interview? (2) When is the best time to call, in order to minimize the chances of encountering an answering machine? The data used to analyze these questions are based on the calling records of the 1990 California Disability Survey, a large random-digit dialing survey that generated about 330,000 calls and completed interviews at over 24,000 house holds. This large number of calls is interesting not only in absolute terms but because of the high number of callbacks that they represent, designed to bring the response rate up over 80 percent. The records of calls analyzed here, consequently, can show convincingly what really happens when 10, 20, 30, or even more callbacks are attempted. Such opportunities are rare. Researchers can take advantage of these results to generate more informed calling strategies and consequently improve response rates in their surveys.

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