Perinatal infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV–1): Relationship between proviral copy number in vivo, viral properties in vitro, and clinical outcome

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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates from 25 perinatally HIV-1 infected children were classified according to their capacity to replicate in vitro as rapid (R), intermediate (S/R) and slow (S) variants. R-type viruses replicated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and grew better in T-lymphoid cells, even though 9 out of 12 isolates also maintained tropism for monocytoid cells. The S/R-type isolates replicated efficiently after several days of culture, while the S-type viruses displayed only a low and transient replication activity; however, both S/R- and S-type isolates exerted viral transactivation activity in an indicator monocytoid cell line. Replication patterns in vitro were significantly associated in vivo with the number of HIV-1 copies in PBMCs as determined by polymerase chain reaction: in children with R-type isolates, the number of HIV-1 proviral DNA molecules/105 PBMCs ranged from 62 to 571, and in children with S/R and S isolates the range was 5–43. Seven children had severe symptomatic HIV-1 infection, and in all an R-type virus was identified; 18 children had no or only mild symptoms, and among these, S-, S/R-, and R-type isolates were found in 5, 8, and 5 cases, respectively. Besides demonstrating HIV-1 variability in perinatal infection, these findings suggest that R-type virus might be a prerequisite for disease progression.