Effect of ionization on the temperature- and pressure-induced phase transitions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels

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Abstract
The ionization effects on the pressure-induced phase transition of weakly charged poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (PNIPA-AAc) gels have been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. At low temperature, T, and pressure, P, the structure factor of PNIPA-AAc gels was well represented by a Lorentzian (L) function, which was similar to noncharged PNIPA gels. However, at high P s , the contribution of inhomogeneities became large and a squared-Lorentzian term had to be added in addition to the L term. At high T s , on the other hand, a scattering maximum appeared, indicating microphase separation. This scattering maximum was suppressed by increasing P up to P≈100 MPa and then reincreased at higher P s . The following facts were disclosed: (1) The peak position and height were very sensitive to P, which is mainly ascribed to strong pressure dependence of hydrophobic interaction, (2) ionization leads to microphase separation at elevated temperatures, (3) the re-entrant phase behavior is commonly observed in the P-T plane due to the parabolic variation of the polymer-solventinteraction with P, and (4) the pressure and temperature dependence of the structure factor was reproduced with the Rabin–Panyukov theory and was interpreted with a convexity of hydrophobic interaction with respect to pressure.