Loss of Hfq activates the σE‐dependent envelope stress response in Salmonella enterica

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Abstract
Ubiquitous RNA‐binding protein Hfq mediates the regulatory activity of many small RNAs (sRNAs) in bacteria. To identify potential targets for Hfq‐mediated regulation in Salmonella, we searched for lacZ translational fusions whose activity varied in the presence or absence of Hfq. Fusions downregulated by Hfq were more common than fusions showing the opposite response. Surprisingly, in a subset of isolates from the major class, the higher activity in the absence of Hfq was due to transcriptional activation by the alternative sigma factor RpoE (σE). Activation of the σE regulon normally results from envelope stress conditions that elicit proteolytic cleavage of the anti‐σE factor RseA. Using an epitope tagged variant of RseA, we found that RseA is cleaved at an increased rate in a strain lacking Hfq. This cleavage was dependent on the DegS protease and could be completely prevented upon expressing the hfq gene from an inducible promoter. Thus, loss of Hfq function appears to affect envelope biogenesis in a way that mimics a stress condition and thereby induces the σE response constitutively. In a RseA mutant, activation of the σE response causes Hfq‐dependent downregulation of outer membrane protein (OMP) genes including lamB, ompA, ompC and ompF. For ompA, downregulation results in part from σE‐dependent accumulation of MicA (SraD), a small RNA recently shown to downregulate ompA transcript levels in stationary phase. We show that the micA gene is under σE control, and that DegS‐mediated σE release is required for the accumulation of MicA RNA upon entry into stationary phase. A similar mechanism involving additional, still unidentified, sRNAs, might underlie the growth phase‐dependent regulation of other OMP mRNAs.