Orientational Effects and Component Processes in Symmetry Detection

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Abstract
In previous research on symmetry detection, factors contributing to orientational effects (axis and virtual lines connecting symmetrically positioned dots) and component processes (axis selection and pointwise evaluation) have always been confounded. The reason is the restriction to bilateral symmetry (BS), with pointwise correspondences being orthogonal to the axis of symmetry. In our experiments, subjects had to discriminate random dot patterns from symmetries defined by combining 12 axis orientations (every 15°) with seven reflection angles (0°, yielding BS, and three clockwise and counterclockwise 15° steps, yielding skewed symmetry, SS). In Experiment 1, with completely randomized trial order, a significant interaction between axis and skewing angle was obtained, indicating that classically observed orientational effects are restricted to BS and that the orientation of the pointwise correspondences is important. These basic findings were replicated in three subsequent experiments, which differed in that they used blocks containing patterns with the same axis (Experiment 2), virtual lines orientation (Experiment 3), or their combination (Experiment 4). Based on a comparison between the results obtained by these manipulations, we suggest a possible reason for the failure of preattentive symmetry detection in the case of dot patterns with SS.