Vertical Oscillation of a Bed of Granular Material

Abstract
A bed of granular material which is subjected to vertical vibration will exhibit at least one sudden expansion at a critical acceleration amplitude. This sudden expansion corresponds to a bifurcation similar to that exhibited by a single ball bouncing on a vibrating plate. Theoretical analysis based on this model yields results which are in accord with the experimental observations. Other bifurcations may occur at higher vibration levels.

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