The development of topographical maps and fibre types in toad (Bufo marinus) glutaeus muscle during synapse elimination.

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Abstract
1. The toad glutaeus muscle consists of two muscle compartments. A study has been made of the topographical distribution of motor units in these compartments, in relation to the fibre types which arise during different stages of development. 2. Monoclonal antibodies to myosin allowed the distribution of fibre types to be determined. In mature muscles (from toads of > 30 g body weight) clusters of type 5 (tonic) fibres were found exclusively at the dorsal surface of the muscle, surrounded by a layer of type 3 (slow-twitch) fibres. A homogeneous layer of type 2 (fast-twitch red) fibres was found beneath this dorsal rind of slow and tonic fibres. The rest of the muscle, including the ventral surface, consisted of a mosaic of type 1 (fast-twitch white) and type 2 fibres. 3. Glycogen-depletion methods, together with the myosin antibodies, allowed the distribution of single motor units and their fibre types to be determined. In mature muscles, axons originating from rostral spinal cord possessed muscle units located in a band extending from the ventral surface to beyond the middle of the muscle; these units consisted of 78% type 1 and 22% type 2 fibres found amongst the mosaic of type 1 and type 2 fibres. Intermediate axons possessed muscle units located primarily in the middle and dorsal half of the muscle. These units consisted mostly of type 2 fibres (29% type 1, 71% type 2) also found amongst the mosaic of type 1 and type 2 fibres. Thus rostral and intermediate units were of mixed fibre type, with type 1 fibres predominating in the former units and type 2 in the latter. Caudal axons possessed muscle units located mostly in the homogeneous layer of type 2 fibres. beneath the dorsal rind of tonic fibres; these units were almost always composed entirely of type 2 fibres. 4. The distribution of single motor units and their fibre types were determined for the caudal axons during development. In juvenile animals (toads of about 10 g body weight) the dorsal rind of tonic and slow fibres, together with the underlying homogeneous layer of type 2 fibres, were still present, but the rest of the muscle to the ventral surface consisted almost entirely of type 1 fibres. Caudal axons innervated the type 2 fibre layer at the dorsal surface as they do in mature animals. 5. The glutaeus in post-metamorphic toads (0.15 g body weight) had only a small number of tonic and slow-twitch fibres in the very dorsal layer of cells; the muscle was largely type 1. Caudal axons predominantly innervated their usual region of muscle beneath the dorsal surface but with terminals spread more widely and on type 1 fibres. In addition, a few terminals were found towards the ventral surface where they are excluded in juvenile and mature animals. 6. It is suggested that topographical maps form independently of the distribution of fibre types: the caudal axons predominantly innervate the appropriate dorsal part of the muscle in the absence of the homogeneous layer of type 2 fibres which are destined to be exclusively innervated by these axons in the more mature muscle. Furthermore, rostral and intermediate axons form a topographical map over a mosaic of type 1 and type 2 fibres.