Weed Seed Decline in Irrigated Soil after Rotation of Crops and Herbicides

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Abstract
The impact of two weed management systems on the weed seed reserves of the soil, on the yearly weed problem, and on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Steptoe’), corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3709′), and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Mono Hy D2′) production was assessed where these crops were grown in rotation for 6 consecutive years. Weeds were controlled in each crop with a moderate (system I) or intensive (system II) level of herbicides, plus conventional tillage. Weed seeds from seven annual genera were identified, with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. ♯3 AMARE) and Chenopodium comprising 56 and 30%, respectively, of the initial 1377 million weed seeds/ha that were present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the sixth cropping year, the overall decline in the total number of weed seeds in soil was 96% in system I and 97% in system II. Over the 6-yr period, about 1.3 times more weeds escaped control in system I than in system II; and within a crop, the fewest number of weeds escaped annually in sugarbeets, and the most in barley. Yields of barley grain, corn silage, and recoverable sucrose were similar each year in the two weed management systems.