Determination of Carbamate Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits by Liquid Chromatography−Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization−Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization−Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract
A liquid chromatography−atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)−mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of 22 carbamates including their metabolites in vegetables and fruits. For the optimization of APPI, several APPI ion source parameters were examined. As a result, many carbamates with APPI using the optimized parameter gave simple mass spectra, and a strong signal corresponding to [M + H]+ was observed except for aldicarb. However, some carbamate metabolites gave ammonium adduct ions [M + NH4]+ as base peak ions. The mean recovery of each carbamate from grape and onion samples spiked at 5 ng/g was 81.7−105.7%, with relative standard deviations of 3.3−5.9%. Furthermore, matrix constituents did not significantly influence the ionization efficiency. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) in grape and onion was in the range of 0.33−3.33 ng/g. For the robustness of this method, this system has been used to analyze 50 samples, and the intensities for all carbamates were found to be unaffected by the contamination of the APPI source by sample matrix constituents. This result indicates that the method is reliable. Keywords: APPI; LC/MS; carbamates; fruits; vegetables; pesticides