Life history studies onAphelopusspecies (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) andChalarusspecies (Diptera, Pipunculidae), primary parasites of typhlocybine leafhoppers (Homoptera, Cicadellidae)

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Abstract
Data obtained during a 3-yr ecological study conducted in South Wales [UK] were used to examine the life histories of the primary parasites of Typhlocybinae (A. melaleucus Dalman, A. serratus Richards, A. holomelas Richards, A. nigriceps Keiffer, A. camus Richards, C. latifrons Hardy, C. parmenteri Coe, C. argenteus Coe, C. basalis Loew and C. griseus Coe, C. fimbriatus Coe and C. pughi Coe). The overwintering stages and voltinism of British Aphelopus and Chalarus are summarized. In both Aphelopus and Chalarus, the majority of species occur as adults during the spring and early summer only. This is due to the univoltinism of certain species (i.e., A. serratus) and the tendency of bivoltine species to enter diapause early in the season. In bivoltine Typhlocybinae intergeneration differences in percentage parasitism are observed. These are considered in some cases to be a reflection of the flight period characteristics of the parasites.