Abstract
Nearly 2 decades after the prediction that an age of “assessment and accountability” would soon transform health care,1 the quality movement has finally arrived. Driven by evidence that US medical practice comports with best evidence approximately half the time,2 that large numbers of medical errors continue to occur,3 and that clinically indefensible disparities in care exist across regions4 and racial and ethnic groups,5 health care payers and the US government have decided that quality should be measured, publicly reported, and perhaps even compensated differentially. The latter trend, known as pay-for-performance, has been strongly endorsed by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.6

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