Abstract
In three periods of its modern economic history (1913–37, 1952–73, and 1973–90), Japan grew up to twice as rapidly as did other major industrialized countries. The paper investigates whether growth in these years was export-led. The results of five very different tests suggest that domestic forces rather than foreign demand propelled longer-run growth. This was particularly so in the high-growth period of 1952–73. Exports may, however, have been crucial in initiating several cyclical upswings.

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