Abstract
New expressions of grades and methods of thinning have recently been developed in Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Norway, U.S.A., and Canada. These are described and discussed in the light of the conditions which are most commonly encountered in Canada's undisturbed forests. It was concluded that none of these indices should be used alone in any experiment, but several of them should rather be tried on a comparative basis. Continued research should eventually lead to improved methods of measuring density and structure of stands. It may also provide a better understanding of the relationships among various stand parameters.

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