A Hele‐Shaw Analog Study of the seepage of groundwater resting on a sloping bed

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Abstract
The analysis derived from an application of the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximations by Childs to the problem of flow of groundwater over sloping impermeable beds, in which it is assumed that the streamlines are parallel to the sloping bed rather than horizontal as previously assumed by Pavlovsky, was tested in a Hele‐Shaw analog. Seepage rates and water table positions were measured for a range of slopes up to 30° and with flow both up and down the slope. Considerably better agreement was found, especially at the largest slopes, by using the revised assumption. The theoretical seepage rates calculated from Childs’ analysis also lay between the limits given by an exact analysis due to Youngs, in contrast to values calculated by using Pavlovsky's analysis which fell outside the limits for large flow rates.