Introduction and Review of Microbial and Biochemical Toxicity Screening Procedures

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Abstract
With the increased world-wide industrialization over the past 25 years, and with the concomitant higher demand for chemicals, both the developed and developing nations face increasing ecological and toxicological problems from the release of toxic contaminants to the environment. In response to these expanding stresses on the environment and in the belief that there is no single criterion by which to adequately judge the potential hazard (either to the environment or man) of a given substance, 1 a multitude of biological assay procedures have been developed, proposed, and used to assess toxicant impacts. 2 , 3 Due to our newly acquired awareness of the long-term effects of chemicals discharged into receiving waters, research efforts are being directed at short-term bioassay tests in an attempt to alert monitoring agencies as well as dischargers of toxic conditions. 4–8

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