Lethal hydrogen peroxide toxicity involves lysosomal iron-catalyzed reactions with membrane damage

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Abstract
Secondary lysosomes contain low-molecular weight iron-complexes as a consequence of normal autophagocytotic degradation of various metallo-proteins. Thus, entry of hydrogen peroxide into these organelles may induce ironcatalyzed oxidative reactions with ensuing damage to lysosomal membranes and leakage of destructive contents. The amount of lysosomal reactive iron and the cellular capacity to degrade hydrogen peroxide would then be important determining factors in cellular resistance to oxidative stress. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on cell viability and, in particular, on lysosomal membrane integrity, evaluated by acridine orange, lucifer yellow, neutral red, and cathepsin D relocalization, were investigated in a model system of cultured J-774 cells. The protective effect of the iron-chelator desferal was studied after exposure to the drug under ordinary culture conditions and after inhibition of cellular endocytosis. Hydrogen peroxide-exposure (500 μM in PBS, 37°C, 5–90 min) was manifested as a time-dependent decrease in cell viability. This was preceded by a rapid reduction of the proton gradient across the lysosomal membranes, as judged by relocalization of acridine orange. Another early sign of damage was plasma membrane blebbing, found on many cells within minutes after the initiation of hydrogen peroxide-exposure. The cells also showed a partial redistribution of the lysosomal markers lucifer yellow, neutral red, and cathepsin D, indicating lysosomal destabilization. The pre-exposure of cells to desferal in culture prevented all these phenomena, unless endocytotic uptake of the drug was prevented.