Arthropods That Stress Waterhyacinth

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Abstract
More than 70 species of arthropods were found to feed on waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in South America, the United States, and India. Those that were destructive were divided into categories based on the type of damage produced, that is, (1) defoliators and external leaf feeders, represented by Cornops spp. (Orthoptera: Acrididae), and adult Neochetina spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); (2) petiole borers, represented by Acigona infusella (Walker) and Epipagis albiguttalis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Arzama densa Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and larval Neochetina spp.; (3) leaf tunnel producers, represented by Orthogalumna terebrantis Wallwork (Acarina: Galumnidae); and (4) scavenger species such as Dyscinetus spp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), which enhance the effect of attack by other insects. This damage is also often amplified by pathogens and other less abundant arthropods.

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