Comparative neuroanatomy of the histaminergic system in the brain of the frog xenopus laevis

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Abstract
The distribution of the histaminergic neuronal system in the brain of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis was mapped with an antiserum against carbodiimide‐fixed histamine and compared to that in mammals. The histamine‐immunoreactive cell bodies were located in a small area of the posterolateral hypothalamus, close to the dorsal infundibular nucleus, which contains catecolaminergic and serotonergic neurons. This area may be homologous to the tuberomammillary nucleus in mammals. A thick process extended from each cell between the ependymal cell layer and terminated in the ventricle lumen. The number of histaminergic cell bodies in adult Xenopus brain was relatively low, as compared with the mammalian brain. Preliminary analysis of adjacent sections stained with antisera against GABA or serotonin indicated that the histamine cells were not immunoreactive for these. The pathways and distribution of histaminergic fibers in Xenopus brain showed many similarities to mammals. The densest fiber networks were present in the medial basal forebrain, particularly in the medial amygdala and septum. A distinct cluster of fibers was concentrated around the cell bodies of nucleus accumbens. In most pallial areas, the density was moderate to low. In the primordial piriform cortex and the striatum, very few fibers were seen. In diencephalon, highest fiber densities were found in the anterior and ventral thalamus and posterior and lateral hypothalamus. In hindbrain, the density was highest in the medullary central gray, as in some mammals. The results suggest that the general pattern of the histaminergic system in vertebrate brain is conserved from amphibians to mammals.