Kx-ray production cross sections for fourteen elements from calcium to palladium for incident carbon ions

Absolute $K$-shell x-ray production cross sections for thin Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Pd targets have been measured for incident carbon ions in the energy range from 8 to 36 MeV. Ionization cross sections are calculated from atomic $K$-shell fluorescence yields and compared to the theoretical predictions of the plane-wave Born approximation including binding energy, Coulomb deflection, and relativistic corrections. $\frac{K\alpha }{K\beta }$ ratios and the shifts in the characteristic $K\alpha$ and $K\beta$ energies indicate the existence of multiple ionization in the low-$Z$ targets.