Phage antibodies against an unstable hapten: Oxygen sensitive reduced flavin

Abstract
It is difficult to raise antibodies against haptens and antigens that are unstable under the physiological conditions of the serum. Here we have used a phage antibody library to isolate antibody fragments against oxygen sensitive reduced flavin, by selection of the phage under anaerobic and reducing conditions at pH 5 and a pre‐elution step with the oxidized flavin. The binding of the reduced hapten to one of the antibody fragments was characterised by time‐resolved polarised fluorescence, and shown to be highly specific for the reduced flavin.