Time-reversal invariance and Raman measurements of phonon populations under nonequilibrium conditions

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Abstract
The use of the Stokes-to-anti-Stokes Raman intensity ratio to infer a phonon population in an absorbing solid is complicated by absorption effects and by the frequency dependence of the cross section. We show that the time-reversal invariance of the Raman cross section may be used to obtain both correction factors even under nonequilibrium conditions. The technique is illustrated by measuring phonon populations in Si under laser-annealing conditions.

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