African Swine Fever Virus Proteinase Is Essential for Core Maturation and Infectivity

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Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes two polyprotein precursors named pp220 and pp62 that are sequentially processed during viral infection, giving rise to six major structural proteins. These reside at the core shell, a matrix domain located between the endoplasmic reticulum-derived inner envelope and the DNA-containing nucleoid. Proteolytic processing of the polyprotein precursors is catalyzed by the viral proteinase pS273R, a cysteine proteinase that shares sequence similarity with the SUMO1-processing peptidases. We describe here the construction and characterization of an ASFV recombinant, vS273Ri, that inducibly expresses the ASFV proteinase. Using vS273Ri, we show that repression of proteinase expression inhibits polyprotein processing and strongly impairs infective virus production. Electron microscopic examination of vS273Ri-infected cells showed that inhibition of proteolytic processing leads to the assembly of defective icosahedral particles containing a noncentered electron-dense nucleoid surrounded by an abnormal core shell of irregular thickness. The analysis of purified extracellular defective particles revealed that they contain the unprocessed pp220 and pp62 precursors, as well as the major DNA-binding nucleoid proteins p10 and pA104R. Altogether, these results indicate that the proteolytic processing of the polyproteins is not required for their incorporation into the assembling particles nor for the incorporation of the DNA-containing nucleoid. Instead, the ASFV proteinase is involved in a late maturational step that is essential for proper core assembly and infectivity.