Status of the cofactor identity in copper oxidative enzymes

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Abstract
Much conflicting data have appeared in the literature regarding the nature of the active site structures responsible for catalysis in three classes of copper enzymes: the copper amine oxidases, dopamine β-monooxygenase and galactose oxidase. Although pyrroloquinoline quinone has been proposed to be the active site cofactor in each instance, new findings indicate this is not the case. Instead, recently available data indicate a spectrum of strategies for substrate activation, which range from direct metal catalysis (dopamine β-monooxygenase) to the involvement of protein-derived radicals (galactose oxidase) and protein-derived quinones (copper amine oxidases).