Lack of an initiator element is responsible for multiple transcriptional initiation sites of the TATA-less mouse thymidylate synthase promoter.

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Abstract
The mouse thymidylate synthase promoter lacks a TATA box and initiates transcription at many sites across a 90-nucleotide initiation window. We showed previously that wild-type promoter activity is maintained with a promoter that extends only 13 nucleotides upstream of the first start site. G/A-rich and G/C-rich promoter elements were identified in the vicinity of the first transcriptional start site. The goals of the present study were to determine whether there are additional promoter elements in the initiation window and to determine why transcription initiates across such a broad region. Minigenes containing a variety of substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations in the promoter region were transfected into cultured cells, and the effects on expression and the pattern of start sites were determined. The results indicate that there are no additional promoter elements downstream of the G/C box. The boundaries of the transcription window are established by elements near the 5' end of the window, whereas the pattern of start sites is determined by sequences within the window. The promoter lacks an initiator element. When an initiator element was inserted, transcription initiated predominantly at the position directed by the initiator when it was inserted within the initiation window but not when it was inserted immediately upstream of the window.