Observations of acoustic streaming fields around an oscillating ultrasonic file

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Abstract
The steady acoustic streaming generated around straight and precurved oscillating ultrasonic files driven by the Piezon‐Master 400 unit was examined in the free field and in small channels using a stereomicroscope. In addition, the effect of file‐wall contact on streaming production was also investigated. The results indicated that the ultrasonic files can generate acoustic streaming both in the free field and in the small channel. Higher velocity streaming was observed when smaller size files were employed and when the file was precurved. Light file‐wall contact did not totally inhibit streaming while severe file‐wall contact inhibited movement of the file and, as a result, no streaming was observed. The positions and length scales of the streaming vortices appeared to be influenced by the presence of boundaries. In the free field, two rows of vortices were situated along the sides of the file while in the small channel, the vortices were positioned above the surface of the file. These results indicated that it is possible for acoustic streaming to occur in a confined space as in a root canal provided that severe file‐wall contact is avoided. It is therefore recommended that light filing or allowing the file to freely vibrate during some stage of treatment should be carried out in order to generate streaming in the root canal.