Oscillating and rotating sine-Gordon system

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Abstract
The interaction between a 2π kink and the background or vacuum is investigated in the pure sine-Gordon system. For an oscillating background (i.e., the k=0 part of the phonon spectrum) the 2π kink oscillates, while for increasing or decreasing vacuum two phenomena have been observed, depending on the rate of change of the vacuum. For small rates a parametric excitation of standing waves is found, and for larger rates the system linearizes. In the case of oscillating vacuum a perturbation approach explains the behavior perfectly, while for small rates of increasing vacuum the system reduces to a Mathieu equation explaining the excitation.