Apolipoprotein D Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB–Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferated by Preventing Translocation of Phosphorylated Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1/2 to the Nucleus

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Abstract
Objective— Elevated apolipoprotein D (apoD) levels are associated with reduced proliferation of cancer cells. We therefore investigated whether apoD, which occurs free or associated with HDL, suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which is related to the pathobiology of disease. Methods and Results— Intense immunoreactivity for apoD was observed in human atherosclerotic plaque but not in normal coronary artery. However, an increase in apoD mRNA was seen in quiescent relative to proliferating fetal lamb aortic VSMCs, and in the rat aortic VSMC line (A10), we demonstrated uptake of apoD from serum. Stable transfection of apoD in A10 cells in the absence of serum did not influence VSMC proliferation assessed by [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation. ApoD, administered at a dose of 100 ng/mL, completely inhibited basal as well as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB–induced VSMC proliferation ( P Conclusions— Our data suggest that apoD selectively modulates the proliferative response of VSMC to growth factors by a mechanism related to nuclear translocation of ERK1/2.