Modulation of gamete and embryonic microenvironments by oviduct glycoproteins

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Abstract
Studies on protein molecules in oviduct luminal fluid are viewed historically, and then in terms of more recent studies on a possible involvement of unique glycoproteins in embryonic development. As a caution, however, it is noted that incorporation of such molecules into the vitellus may be nonspecific. The question is raised as to whether oviduct glycoproteins could be acting primarily in a physical sense to stabilize differing chemical environments along the oviduct. Equally or more importantly, glycoproteins might be acting as carrier molecules to present cations and metabolic substrates at appropriate concentrations to the vitelline membrane. This latter possibility is examined in some detail and could be tested by manipulating the composition of the perivitelline fluid. Glycoproteins may also be critically involved in regulating the physiological competence of spermatozoa in the pre‐ and peri‐ovulatory oviduct, in maintaining a coordinated pattern of cilial beat, and in immunosuppressive functions within the oviduct, not least in those associated with the masking of paternal antigens on both spermatozoa and embryos.