Temporal trends of HLA genotype frequencies of type 1 diabetes patients in Sweden from 1986 to 2005 suggest altered risk

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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes in 1–18-year-old patients with type 1 diabetes newly diagnosed in 1986–1987 (n = 430), 1996–2000 (n = 342) and in 2003–2005 (n = 171). We tested the hypothesis that the HLA DQ genotype distribution changes over time. Swedish type 1 diabetes patients and controls were typed for HLA using polymerase chain reaction amplification and allele specific probes for DQ A1* and B1* alleles. The most common type 1 diabetes HLA DQA1*-B1*genotype 0501-0201/0301-0302 was 36% (153/430) in 1986–1987 and 37% (127/342) in 1996–2000, but decreased to 19% (33/171) in 2003–2005 (P < 0.0001). The 0501-0201/0501-0201 genotype increased from 1% in 1986–1987 to 7% in 1996–2000 (P = 0.0047) and to 5% in 2003–2005 (P > 0.05). This study in 1–18-year-old Swedish type 1 diabetes patients supports the notion that there is a temporal change in HLA risk.