The nonsurgical management of ectopic pregnancy

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Abstract
This review discusses the diagnosis and nonsurgical management of ectopic pregnancy. In the majority of cases the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy should be made on transvaginal ultrasonography. Those for which the diagnosis is not made on the first scan may initially be classified as pregnancies of unknown location. There are now a number of strategies and mathematical models to predict ectopic pregnancy in this pregnancy of unknown location population. Reported success rates for expectant and medical management of ectopic pregnancy vary due to different inclusion criteria. A number of predictors of success have been studied: maternal age, previous obstetric history, gestational age, ultrasound features, human chorionic gonadotrophin levels, progesterone levels and the change in human chorionic gonadotrophin over time. At present the initial human chorionic gonadotrophin level probably remains the single most important predictor of success. Nonsurgical management is also particularly important for nontubal ectopic pregnancies: interstitial, cervical and caesarean section scar pregnancies. The majority of ectopic pregnancies can be visualized by ultrasound and so can be considered for conservative treatment. Nonsurgical management can be safe and effective. Appropriate selection criteria remain an issue, however, and a consensus needs to be reached on the predictors of success and failure to optimize management.