Long-term Therapy for Spasmodic Dysphonia

Abstract
DYSTONIAS are disorders of central motor processing that lead to abnormal tonicity of muscles and thus dyskinetic movements or uncontrolled spasms. These movements can be slow and sustained or rapid and uncoordinated. Focal dystonias involve only one particular region of the body, whereas multifocal dystonias, as the name implies, involve several regions or muscle groups. In 1871, Traube1 first described the focal laryngeal dystonia known as spasmodic dysphonia (SD).