The role of sulfate reduction in long term accumulation of organic and inorganic sulfur in lake sediments1

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Abstract
Sulfate reduction and the accumulation of reduced sulfur in epilimnetic sediments were studied in lakes in southern Norway, the Adirondack Mountains, and at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) of northwestern Ontario. In all of the lakes, in addition to the previously known formation of acid volatile sulfur, sulfate reduction also produced substantial quantities of pyrite and organic sulfur compounds. In 9‐month in situ experiments at ELA using 35S, there was a large loss (55%) with time of the S initially reduced and deposited in the sediments and a preferential loss of inorganic S compounds which led to a predominance of organic 35S accumulation in the sediments. An intensive study of long term accumulation of sulfur in the epilimnetic sediments of four Adirondack lakes also showed that the most important long term end product of sulfate reduction was organic S and that sulfate reduction was the major source of S to the sediments.Because of the high concentrations of iron in all of the sediments we sampled and because of the long term storage of sulfur in sediments, mostly as organic S, iron did not limit iron sulfide accumulation in these sediments. Iron limitation is unlikely to occur except in unusual circumstances.This study indicates that formation of organic S in epilimnetic sediments is primarily responsible for H consumption via sulfate reduction in acidified lakes.